What does "discovery" refer to in civil litigation?

"Discovery" in civil litigation specifically refers to the pre-trial phase where parties exchange information relevant to the case. This process is critical as it allows both sides to obtain evidence, understand the opposing party’s claims and defenses, and prepare their arguments more effectively. During discovery, parties may participate in various activities, including depositions, interrogatories, requests for documents, and admissions. This exchange helps to clarify the issues at hand and can often lead to settlements before the trial phase begins.

The other options do not accurately describe discovery: the trial phase is associated with presenting evidence and arguments to a judge or jury, executing a judgment comes after a verdict has been made, and summoning witnesses relates more to trial preparation rather than the information exchange occurring during the discovery phase.